Accounting of negative and neutral emission technologies (NETs)

By means of case studies applied in the Finnish context we assess reporting and accounting rules applicable to negative and neutral emission technologies (NETs), including BECCS, fossil CCS, CCU / BECCU with long-term carbon storage involving enforced concrete carbonation, CCU / BECCU / DACCU with short-term carbon storage involving e-fuels and biochar. In terms of reporting and accounting frameworks, the paper analyses how NETs are covered in GHG inventories that are reported by Parties to the UNFCCC according to rules agreed under the Paris Agreement, in the EU emissions trading system (ETS), in the EU Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR), in the EU LULUCF Regulation, in the EU-wide targets under the European Climate Law (ECL) and the EU target for 2030 committed as a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, and in the EU Carbon Removal and Carbon Farming Certification Framework Regulation (CRCF). In the working paper we provide details on the covered reporting and accounting frameworks, explain the ‘downstream’ and ‘upstream’ reporting approaches for CCU emissions in GHG inventories, present the NET case studies and their detailed results and draw conclusions from the case study exercise and summarise key insights.