Further technical and operational measures for enhancing the energy efficiency of international shipping Environmental Aspects

In the International Maritime Organization (IMO) there are currently four measures under discussion that aim to enhance the energy efficiency and to reduce the fuel consumption of ships: the US proposal, which aims to reduce the energy used per hour in service; the Annual EEOI proposal, which aims to reduce CO2 emissions per dwt-mile; the Individual Ship Performance Indicator (ISPI), which aims to reduce CO2 emissions per mile; and the Fuel Oil Reduction Strategy (FORS), which aims to reduce CO2 emissions by reducing fuel consumption.

This paper describes the four measures and analyses them, focusing on their expected environmental impact in terms of CO2 emission reduction as well as their interaction with potential future market-based measures. To illustrate the differences between the four measures, quantitative examples for three virtual ships are presented.